Civil unrest in the form of protests, demonstrations, riots and other mass gatherings or disruption – as well as the authorities’ response and any criminality or extortion that ensues – can pose a risk to people, property and humanitarian operations. This chapter covers some of the potential mitigation measures for these risks, including situational awareness, preparation (standard operating procedures and contingency plans), and training and awareness of potential courses of action.
In any operational context, but especially in tense and contested settings, civil unrest can erupt suddenly and may involve violence and aggression. Planned, peaceful gatherings, such as political events or protests, can unexpectedly devolve into civil unrest. Equally, long-simmering tensions can suddenly break into violence following a trigger event. Aid organisations can also face risks from unruly crowds, even mob violence, in programme settings such as distribution sites and displacement camps.
Situational monitoring and analysis are important tools for managing the risks associated with civil unrest, as good context analysis and regular monitoring of local media and sentiment can identify potential triggers.
In addition to efforts to predict when civil unrest may occur, effective planning and preparedness are crucial for mitigating the risks associated with civil unrest and political events, particularly during election periods. Organisations should develop tailored security protocols and contingency plans for each office, addressing risks associated with events such as protests or aid distributions, and their potential consequences. These should include relocation, evacuation, and hibernation plans, as well as updated contact lists and protocols for securing data and equipment. Protective measures, such as safe rooms, backup systems, and first aid supplies, are critical. Movement should be carefully managed, and training provided to help staff stay safe during volatile events (including how to respond to crowd control tactics). Visibility should be strategically managed in accordance with local acceptance. During elections, organisations benefit from a good understanding of the political context and the different phases of the electoral process, anticipating associated risks, and implementing mitigation measures such as travel restrictions, staff safety guidance and scenario-based preparedness.
During episodes of civil unrest, organisations must act swiftly to protect staff and assets. This includes activating contingency plans, such as adjusting travel to reduce visibility and hibernating staff. After unrest subsides, organisations should be prepared to reassess staff working arrangements, maintain elevated security until stability is confirmed, support affected staff and review external communications carefully. A post-incident review of actions taken can offer valuable lessons to improve future preparedness and response.
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) (n.d.) ElectionGuide.
OSAC (2019) Surviving a protest.
OSAC (2022) Preparing for election violence.
OSAC (2023) Coups d’état: Thinking through your organization’s response.
